ABSTRACT

Land consolidation represents a critical instrument for rural development, designed to rectify fragmented land ownership and enhance agricultural productivity. This study examines the evolution and implementation of land consolidation policies in Poland across consecutive European Union programming periods: 2004–2006, 2007–2013, 2014–2020, and the current 2021–2027 framework under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Strategic Plan. The analysis reveals a progressive increase in both financial allocation and project scale, with the 2021–2027 perspective allocating EUR 376.5 million—a significant rise compared to previous periods. By the first quarter of 2026, 154 projects covering 112.4 thousand hectares had been approved under the current framework, demonstrating improved implementation dynamics attributable to digitalization and streamlined administrative procedures. A key development is the strengthened environmental component, which integrates consolidation with climate adaptation, water retention, soil protection, and biodiversity conservation, thereby aligning with European Green Deal objectives. Spatial analysis confirms persistent concentration of consolidation activities in south-eastern and central Poland, where land fragmentation remains most severe. Despite progress, challenges persist, including lengthy administrative procedures (averaging 3–4 years) and the complexity of obtaining landowner consents. The findings underscore that while land consolidation in Poland has evolved into a more efficient and environmentally integrated tool, the scale of intervention remains insufficient relative to historical fragmentation levels, necessitating continued support and procedural refinement in future programming periods.